Fill Placement and Compaction Inspection | Site Preparation – Earthwork, Excavation and Backfilling | Backfill Soil Specifications:

In this article we will discuss about Fill Placement and Compaction Inspection | Site Preparation | Earthwork Excavation and Backfilling | Backfill Soil Specifications | Earthwork in Construction.

Fill Placement Inspection:

• Fill material shall be placed in lifts not exceeding 200mm in loose depth.
• Fill material shall be placed in lifts not exceeding 100mm in loose depth for hand-operated compaction.

• Other lift thicknesses shall be allowed with approval by the client Inspector based on a field test of the method, equipment and materials involved.
• Fill and backfill adjacent to any type of structure shall not be compacted with heavy equipment; Hand operated equipment shall be used within 1.2 meters of any structures.
• Every effort shall be made to place backfill materials symmetrically and in uniform layers to prevent unnecessary eccentric loading on a structure or foundation.
• Compacted surfaces of fill and backfill shall be finish graded to the cross sections, lines, grades and elevations as indicated on the drawings.
• Backfilling and removal of trench supports shall be accomplished by backfilling up to a level allowing for removal of the lower braces; Another layer of backfill shall then be positioned in the trench to the next layer of braces to be removed.
• Removal of trench supports or shoring shall progress together with the backfill from the bottom of the trench; In unstable soil, ropes shall be used to pull supporting materials from the trench.

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Compaction Inspection: Fill Placement and Compaction Inspection

• Compaction shall begin only after the fill or backfill has been properly placed and the material to be compacted is at the proper moisture content. +/- 3% of the optimum moisture content per ASTM D1557 or ASTM D698, whichever is applicable.
• Compaction shall be performed with equipment compatible with soil type.
• Fill or backfill placed beneath footings, grade beams, mats, buildings or process areas shall be compacted to at least 90% of the maximum Modified Proctor density as determined by ASTM D1557.
• For cohesion less free draining soils, 70% relative density as determined by ASTM D4253 and ASTM D4254 shall be achieved under footings, grade beams, mats, buildings or process areas.
• Under foundations with static loads over 320kPa and foundations for vibrating or heavy machinery and pavements, 85% of relative density (ASTM D4253/ASTM D4254) for cohesion less soils or 95% of of the maximum density as determined by ASTM D1557 for cohesive materials.
• When the backfill material cannot clearly be classified as cohesive or cohesion less both relative density and Proctor density tests must be performed per the above paragraph. The backfill shall then be compacted to the greater density.
• Compaction by water jetting is not permitted; Flooding may be used if the material is cohesionless freely draining sand.
• In no case shall compaction be allowed on slopes greater than 1 to 5; A series of horizontal benches, steps, or terraces, at least 3 meters wide should be constructed and compacted instead.
• Construction of new slopes shall be accomplished by compacting horizontal fill layers at least 1 roller width beyond the design edge of the slope then trimming back to achieve the final slope dimensions.
• Compacted surfaces of fill and backfill shall be finish graded to the cross sections, lines, grades and elevations as indicated on the drawings.

Compaction Testing: Fill Placement and Compaction Inspection

• When the backfill material cannot clearly be classified as cohesive or cohesion less both relative density and Proctor density tests must be performed. The backfill shall then be compacted to the greater density.
• The compaction requirement for base coarse shall not be less than 100% of the maximum laboratory dry density as determined by ASTM D1557 or AASHTO T180.
• The compaction requirement for subbase shall not be less than 95% of the maximum laboratory dry density as determined by ASTM D1557 or AASHTO T180.
• All other fill shall be compacted to the density equal to that shown on the drawings or equal to that adjacent in-situ material as appropriate.
• The depth of the test holes shall be no greater than 300mm (12 inches) deep.

Conclusion:

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